Closed-loop neural interfaces for pain:Where do we stand?

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A neuralinterfacereferstoadevicethatinteractswiththenervoussystem,eitherthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)ortheperipheralnervoussystem(PNS),torecord,to decode,and to provide feedbackstimulation.The purpose ofthisinterfaceistorestore,repair,andaugmentbrainfunctionsortotreatorpreventmalfunctions.In the context of pain, a neural interfacemaynotonlyhelpdissectneuralmechanismsinpainresearch,butalsohelpdoctorstodiagnoseandtreatchronic painin patients.